Sampling Sweetpotato
Whitefly Nymphs in Cotton
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Ellsworth,
P.C., J.W. Diehl, and S.E.
Naranjo. 1996 (Rev. 9/2000). Sampling Sweetpotato Whitefly Nymphs
in Cotton. IPM Series No.6. Publ. No. 196006. University of Arizona,
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cooperative Extension, Tucson,
Arizona. URL: http://cals.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/insects/wf/ipm6.html
Why Sample Nymphs?Sampling is necessary for timing control of whiteflies. Sampling nymphs is particularly important to gain the most benefit from the application of insect growth regulators (IGRs). Unlike most of the insecticides used against whiteflies in Arizona in the past, IGRs affect immature whiteflies instead of adults. Timing the first use of an IGR requires sampling both whitefly nymphs and adults. The objective is to time the first use of an IGR during the first period of accelerated population growth. IGRs should not be used late in the whitefly infestation. Therefore, IGRs will probably be among the first insecticides used. Adult sampling is sufficient for timing use of insecticides other than IGRs. Use of IGRs within an integrated resistance management program is explained in IPM Series No. 3 & 4.
Plan Your Sampling ProgramStart sampling weekly for both nymphs and adults once adults have been found in sweep samples. Procedures for designating a management unit, choosing a plant to sample, and choosing a leaf are the same whether sampling nymphs or adults (see IPM Series No. 2, Sampling Sweetpotato Whiteflies in Cotton). Continue sampling at least weekly for both nymphs and adults as long as IGRs are being considered for use. Continued sampling of both nymphs and adults after IGRs have been applied will enable evaluation of control efficacy. Sampling for nymphs and thresholds for first IGR use are based on our best information, including research conducted in Arizona by the USDA-ARS and The University of Arizona, and experience with the use of these compounds in Israel. This sampling and threshold program will be evaluated for the first time in 1996.
How to Sample
Threshold for First Use of IGRsThe first use of an IGR requires measurement of both nymphs and adults in the field. The sampling and threshold system performs best when no other insecticides have been applied for the control of whiteflies. Applying conventional insecticides before first IGR use can alter the relationship between nymph and adult densities and reduce natural enemy levels. An average of 1 large nymph per disk with at least 3 - 5 adults per leaf is the threshold for using IGRs. Second IGR use depends on labelled intervals, prior insecticides used, and general levels of whitefly increase.
Making the DecisionMaking the decision to spray an IGR, and then which one, requires measurement of current and past whitefly levels in your field and an understanding of the two types of IGRs available. If both whitefly nymphs and adults are below the levels identified by the threshold (see figure), then the grower should not spray an IGR. If both whitefly life stages are above the threshold level, then the grower should spray with the IGR of choice. Our current data and experience would suggest that the majority of whitefly population levels would fall in one of these two definitive decision zones. If nymphs exceed, but adults do not exceed the threshold level, the grower can wait and re-sample in 3 days or apply Applaud® which is effective against the nymphs. If the adults exceed, but the nymphs do not exceed the threshold level, the grower can wait and re-sample in 3 days, or use a conventional insecticide to lower adult counts, or apply Knack® which can sterilize adults and developing eggs. In these last two exceptional cases, the grower should examine the growth trend from the previous sample periods to help decide whether a treatment is necessary (i.e. sharp increase, use an IGR).
Related and updated sampling guidlines can be found in Whiteflies in Arizona Series No.11: Binomial Sampling of Nymphs (rev. 6/97), 49KB pdf file. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, James A. Christenson, Director Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona. The University of Arizona is an equal opportunity, affirmative action institution. The University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or sexual orientation in its programs and activities. Any products, services, or organizations that are
mentioned, shown, or indirectly implied in this web document do not imply
endorsement by The University of Arizona. Questions concerning this publication can be addressed to: peterell@ag.arizona.edu |
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