Program Outcomes for Communities

Process Development 

I. Strengthening Existing Linkages
Once community groups have been formed, a systemic intervention might show need for improvement in group functioning and efficiency. The following are the primary process components of strengthening existing community groups:

1. Leadership Development - Developing leadership to best meet the needs of the group will enable group leaders to represent the stakeholders, effectively respond to community members' needs, and create productive groups.

Goal: Leadership within the linkage will show improvement in type, quality and availability which will allow for the most effective group development and function.

Indicator: Leadership promotes team growth and productivity
Measure: Survey or interview. Due to the idiosyncratic nature of leadership needs, tools will have to be designed to meet individual group's needs. Tool: Leadership assessment question samples Source: Zenger, JH, Musselwhite, E., Hurson, K., Perrin, C. (1994). Leading Teams: Mastering the New Role. Homewood, Ill: Zenger-Miller. pp. 16, 41, 57, 76, 90, 110, 126.

Indicator: Assessing Roles - Roles of members in linkage will fit with the needs of the group.
Tool: Member involvement in the community group survey (Question 4. part II) Source: University of Wisconsin- Cooperative Extension (1998). Evaluating Collaboratives: Reaching the Potential. pg. A4 Can be found at http://cf.uwex.edu/ces/pubs/pdf/G3658_8.PDF

Indicator: The extent to which there occurs turnover among leaders/officers of established community groups
Measure: Documentation review, survey, interview

2. Communication Development - Promoting clear and open communication both within the group and with those external to the group will ensure that all information is disseminated to everyone involved and that all decision-makers are informed.

The community linkage will have communication practices that optimize system functioning. This communication will need to be strong both internally and externally. "Collaborative efforts are dependent upon open and clear communication. Collaboration Framework, p. 11 - Communication)

2a. Internal communication Goal: Communication within the community linkage will be more effective.
Indicator: Decisions will be jointly made by the stakeholders
Measure: Document review of meeting minutes that show decisions made by consensus

Tool: Spider-web Analysis,
Source: Borden, L. & Perkins, D. (1998). Collaboration Framework Interactive Training Package . National Network for Collaboration.

Tool: Triangle of Vision
Source: Dombro, A.L., O'Donnell, N.S., Galinsky, E., Malcher, S.G., & Garber, A. (1996). Community Mobilization: Strategies to Support Young Children and Their Families. New York: Families and Work Institute

Tool: Collaboration Structure Meeting Questionnaire
Source: Winer, M., & Ray, K. (1994). Collaboration Handbook: Creating, Sustaining and Enjoying- the Journey. St. Paul, MN: Amherst H. Wilder Foundation.)

Tool: Network Analysis Questionnaire
Source: Linney & Wandersman (1991). Prevention Plus III. US Department of Health and Human Services. pg. 413

Indicator: All members of the group are informed of the actions of the group.
Measure: Interview, Distribution lists

Indicator: Decisions will be made by a consensus of the stakeholders "One of the major responsibilities for leadership is to assure that appropriate members have been brought to the collaboration. A diverse membership should encompass potentially impacted groups and individuals." Collaboration Framework, p. 12 - Leadership

Tool: Meeting Questionnaire
Source: Dombro, A. L., O'Donnell, N. S., Galinsky, E., Malcher, S. G., & Garber, A. (1996). Community Mobilization: Strategies to Support Young Children and Their Families. New York: Families and Work Institute.)

See also: Where the Answers Live: Team decision Making in Zenger, JH. Musselwhite, E., Hurson, K., Perrin, C. (1994). Leading Teams: Mastering the New Role. Homewood, Ill: Zenger-Miller.

2b. External Communication Goal: Communication between the community linkage and the greater community, as well as with their home organization will increase in quality and quantity.

Indicator: The extent to which newspaper space is devoted to public issues and community actions
Measure: Recorded number of inches in print and the location of articles in local papers.

Indicator: The extent to which TV and radio time is devoted to public issues and community actions
Measure: Recorded number of minutes on the air

Indicator: Whether or not a community directory exists and is updated regularly.
Measure: Survey or interview

Indicator: The extent to which community members give testimony to local, state or national legislatures.
Measure: Numerical tally of the number of times community members speak before legislative groups.

Indicator: Groups and stakeholders in the community report being timely informed of linkage decisions and activities.
Measure: Survey or interview

Indicator: The extent to which the community holds rallies and public gatherings for the purpose of communication
Measure: Record the number of public gatherings

Indicator: The extent to which collaboration members maintain strong communication with their home organizations.
Measure: Survey or interview

3. Research and Evaluation - Ongoing assessment to evaluate and refine the programming efforts will allow community groups to maintain awareness of current research and refine programs as needed.

Goal: Community linkages will perform ongoing assessment of program processes, outcomes, and core foundation components making adjustments to maintain optimal functioning and impact. (Ideally this involves the use of participatory action research or empowerment evaluation research methodologies)

Tools: Tracking of actions logs.
Source: Goodman, R.M., Wandersman, A., Chinman, M., Imm, P., & Morrissey, E. (1996). An ecological assessment of community-based interventions for prevention and health promotion: Approaches to measuring community coalitions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24 (1), 33-61.

Tools: Process Assessment Worksheet. Source: Linney, J.A., & Wandersman, A. (1991). Prevention Plus III. US Department of Health and Human Services.

Tools: Summary Report of Collaborative Work.
Source: Linney, J.A. & Wandersman, A. (1996). Empowering community groups with evaluation skills. The Prevention Plus III Model. In Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability. (Pp. 259-276). Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Tool: Evaluation Procedures
Source: Winer, M., & Ray, K. (1994). Collaboration Handbook: Creating, Sustaining, and Enjoying, the Journey, St. Paul, MN: Amherst H. Wilder Foundation.)

4. Sustainability - Developing structures to continue community group and programming efforts to completion will allow community groups to sustain their efforts over time.

Goal: Membership and financial resources will be available which allow the interagency group process to continue to completion. (See also The Sustainability Study)
Indicator: The extent to which people are willing to continue after experiencing failures or setbacks in carrying out an activity
Measure: Attendance logs, meeting minutes, etc. See The National Youth at Risk Program Sustainability Study (Mancini and Marek, 1998).

Tool: Member involvement in the community group survey
Source: University of Wisconsin- Cooperative Extension (1998). Evaluating Collaboratives: Reaching the Potential. pg. A4 Can be found at http://cf.uwex.edu/ces/pubs/pdf/G3658_8.PDF

5. Resources - Increasing the integration, accessibility, and usage of available resources will enable others to benefit from the group's findings.

While Integration, accessibility, and usage of resources is a process development issue, these indicators and measures will be linked here, but reviewed with the resource outcome piece. Both sections 1) Increasing resources and 2) Improving resource usage, make up the current Resource Development section which will be reviewed as a whole)

 


Process Development Introduction


Indicators
and Measures: Creating New Linkages


Overall Process Development Tools


Sources and
Annotations

 

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