Program Outcomes for Communities

Process Development 
Indicators, Measures, and Tools
There are two main levels of process development activities that can be evaluated, 1) Efforts to improve the creation of a linkage and 2) Efforts to improve the functioning of an existing linkage. Each level has indicators as outlined below.

I. Creating a New Linkage
- involves building a cohesive group with a common vision and articulated plan. Building a firm foundation is essential as a new linkage is created. The primary process components of doing this are:

1. Strategic Planning - A strategic planning process should include the development of integrated goals, objectives, mission, vision, implementation plan, etc., to provide potential group members with a clear picture of what to expect from the community group.

Goal: A Strategic Planning process was used in creation of the community linkage.

Indicator: A Mission and Vision Statement were written with entire group input
Measure: Document review of meeting minutes

Tool: Example: Minutes of Meeting
Source: University of Wisconsin- Cooperative Extension (1998). Evaluating Collaboratives: Reaching the Potential. pg. 100 Can be found at http://cf.uwex.edu/ces/pubs/pdf/G3658_8.PDF

Tool: Plan Quality Index
Source: Butterfoss, F.D., Goodman, R.M., Wandersman, A. Valois, R.F., & Chinman, M.J. (1996). The plan quality index: An empowerment evaluation tool for measuring and improving the quality of plans. In D. Fettrman, S. Kaftarian, and A. Wandersman (Eds.), Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tools for self assessment and accountability. (Pp. 304-331). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Tool: Internal Collaborative Functioning Scales
Source: University of Wisconsin- Cooperative Extension (1998). Evaluating Collaboratives: Reaching the Potential. pg. 89 Can be found at http://www.uwex.edu/ces/pdande/Evaluation/evaluat.html

Indicator: Goals and objectives of the group are clearly articulated Measure: Document review of meeting minutes

Tool: Example: Minutes of Meeting
Source: University of Wisconsin- Cooperative Extension (1998). Evaluating Collaboratives: Reaching the Potential. pg. 100 Can be found at http://cf.uwex.edu/ces/pubs/pdf/G3658_8.PDF

Tool: Identify Goals and Desired Outcomes.
Source: Linney, J.A., & Wandersman, A. (1991). Prevention Plus III. US Department of Health and Human Services. See also Linney, J.A. & Wandersman, A. (1996). Empowering community groups with evaluation skills. The Prevention Plus III Model. In Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability. (Pp. 259-276). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Indicator: Problem Definition - the problem that will be the linkage's focus is clearly defined and commonly agreed upon.

Tool: Plan Quality Index
Source: Butterfoss, F.D., Goodman, R.M., Wandersman, A. Valois, R.F., & Chinman, M.J. (1996). The plan quality index: An empowerment evaluation tool for measuring and improving the quality of plans. In D. Fettrman, S. Kaftarian, and A. Wandersman (Eds.), Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability. (Pp. 304-331). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

2. Key Stakeholders -Including multiple partners in group development, program implementation, and evaluation processes will enable group members, representing the concerns of all constituencies, to be at the table when making group decisions.

Goal: Key Stakeholders are included in the linkage development process and represent a broad cross section of all linkage or program stakeholders. (See also CITIZEN PARTICIPATION)

Indicator: The extent to which citizens, including minority individuals, participate in the community's actions
Measure: Survey or interview or Document review of membership rosters including data on stakeholder population the member represents

Indicator: Change in stakeholder involvement
Measure: Survey, interview, or document review of membership rosters including data on stakeholder population the member represents

Tool: Collaboration Structure.
Source: Winer, M., & Ray, K. (1994). Collaboration Handbook: Creating, Sustaining and Enjoying the Journey. St. Paul, MN: Amherst H. Wilder Foundation.

Tool: Network Analysis Questionnaire Source: Linney & Wandersman (1991). Prevention Plus III. US Department of Health and Human Services. pg. 413

Tool: Change Agent Diversity Worksheet Source: White, Lynn (1998) Collaboration: Tools, techniques, and processes for success. NNCO.

Tool: Diversity Awareness Continuum Source: NNCO, Adapted from The managing diversity survival guide: A complete collection of Checklists, Activities, and Tips. by L. Gardenswartz & A. Rowe (1994)

Tool: Ecomap
Source: Perkins, D. & Borden, L. (1998). Collaboration Framework & Interactive Training Package. National Network for Collaboration.

3. Community Building - Developing community cohesion and mobilizing citizens will provide a supportive context for community organizing and programming.

Goal: A community development process is utilized. "Community development is the process of mobilizing communities to address important issues and build upon the strengths of the community."

Indicator: Mobilization - The linkage resulted in an increase in mobilization of community members. (See also Citizen Participation)

Tool: Asset Mapping: Mobilizing an entire community (assessing type, quality and availability of assets) Source: Kretzmann and Mcknight (1993). Building Communities from the Inside Out. Chicago: ACTA Publications. pg. 345-354.

Indicator: Community Cohesion - The linkage resulted in an increase in the participant's sense of community, sense of strength in unity, or positive perceptions of their community. Measure: Interview or survey

Tool: Sense of Community Scale Source: Linney & Wandersman (1991). Prevention Plus III. US Department of Health and Human Services. pg. 411

4. Link to Research Base - Developing programs based on what we know to work will enable community groups to implement effective community programs, thus saving valuable resources from being used on ineffective programs.

Goal: All community linkage efforts will be guided by knowledge of the existing research such that local citizens benefit from the current research in the field.

Indicator: Community Linkage efforts will show a direct link to the research base.
Measure: Document review of written proposals, linkage problem statements, or supporting literature reviews.

5. Community assessment -Developing programming through knowledge of community needs and assets, tailored to meet community identified issues, will ensure that the community group is acting in a manner to benefit the community.

Goal: The community linkage will change to more accurately reflect the concerns of the key stakeholders. This reflection will be built upon a community assessment that utilizes community resources such as community demographic data, asset mapping (assessing type, quality and availability of assets) and contextual factors such as local cultural and political climate.

Indicator: The extent to which local decision-making bodies consult with community and regional data before making decisions.
Measure: Review minutes, survey, and interview for evidence of use of data most relevant to community goal.

Tool: Needs Assessment Index.
Source: Butterfoss, F.D., Goodman, R.M., Wandersman, A. Valois, R.F., & Chinman, M.J. (1996). The plan quality index: An empowerment evaluation tool for measuring and improving the quality of plans. In D. Fetterman, S. Kaftarian, and A. Wandersman (Eds.), Empowerment evaluation: Knowledge and tools for self-assessment and accountability. (Pp. 304-331). Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Tool: Asset Mapping: Mobilizing an entire community (assessing type, quality and availability of assets) Source: Kretzman and Mcknight (1993). Building Communities from the Inside Out. Chicago: ACTA Publications. pg. 345-354.

Tool: Spiderweb Analysis Source: Perkins, D. & Borden, L. (1998). Collaboration Framework & Interactive Training Package. National Network for Collaboration.


Process Development Introduction


Indicators
and Measures: Strengthening Existing Linkages


Overall Process Development Tools


Sources and
Annotations

 

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