• Animal manure (cattle, donkey, sheep, goats, chickens)
• Fallow
• Compost (piles or pits)
• Stubble grazing ("parcage d'animaux")
• Manure stable
• Household waste
• Millet bran
• Millet + sorghum stalks left on field
• Millet blumes
• Peanut shells or stacks left on field
• Decomposed Adinsonia digitata (baobab)
• Green manure (millet, leucana)
• Cassava leaves left on field

• Fertilizer on millet and peanuts
• Phosphate applications

Physical Management Practices

• Incomplete ground clearing and burning of residues before planting
• Hand/surface tillage
• Tillage with plough
• Planting and protecting trees in fields (esp. Faidherbia albida)
• Crop rotation (millet + peanuts, if available cowpeas and melons)
• Living fences (Euphorbia balsamifera)
• Crop association (peanuts + cowpeas)