   Soil Alkalinity - March 9, 2005 Jeff Schalau, County Director, Agent, Agriculture & Natural Resources Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai County Arizona soils present many challenges to gardeners and landscapers unfamiliar with the area. It is important to realize some of these challenges so that we can spend our time efficiently and be productive in trying to improve them. Soil alkalinity, or rather the effects of it on plants, vexes landscapers and home gardeners alike. Alkalinity is measured using the pH scale. The pH scale goes from 1 to 14 where 1 is highly acidic, 14 is highly alkaline and 7 is neutral (having a balance between acidity and alkalinity). The abbreviation "pH" stands for "potential of hydrogen" and refers the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. The pH scale is not linear but logarithmic. That is, a soil with a pH of 8 is ten times more alkaline than a soil with a pH of 7 and a soil with a pH of 6 is a hundred times more acid than a soil with a pH of 8. To give some points of reference using common liquids, lemon juice has a pH of 2, vinegar is 3, milk is 7, sea water is 8.5, milk of magnesia is 10.5, ammonia is 12, and a solution of lye is 13. The pH of soil refers to the way the saturated soil solution interacts with other soil compounds and nutrients. A near-neutral or slightly acidic soil is generally considered ideal for most plants. Most soils in Arizona are alkaline and have a pH of between 7 and 8.5. Native plants are adapted to these conditions. However, introduced landscape and garden plants often struggle as the pH approaches 8.5. Soil pH is critical with respect to nutrient availability. Nutrients such as iron and zinc tend to become less available to plants in alkaline soils. In our area, iron deficiency is most common. Symptoms of iron deficiency are chlorosis (green veins with yellow or whitish areas in between) on the new growth. Older leaves remain green. These symptoms are especially prevalent on Photinia fraseri (red tip) plants when they are grown in alkaline soils. Iron deficiency is most common in the spring when daytime temperatures climb, but soil temperatures remain cool. Additions of soil sulfur can help acidify soils to overcome these deficiencies, but it is very difficult to apply enough to make a significant difference, especially when growing trees and shrubs. Soil sulfur should also be applied to alkaline soils where annual crops are grown. This can be repeated each season. The fastest way to overcome iron deficiency is to apply chelated (pronounced kee-lated) iron to the foliage. Chelated iron products have been prepared in a specific way to keep them readily available for absorption once they are introduced into the soil. The chelation process prevents them from being rendered unavailable by alkaline compounds in soil. Some gardeners use soil-applied iron amendments, but these rarely correct chlorosis as well as foliar sprays. Zinc deficiency can also be exacerbated by alkaline soils and is usually seen on deciduous fruit and nut trees (especially pecans). Zinc deficiency is characterized by small leaves that are curved, have wavy edges, have dark veins and yellowish blades, or leaves only in small bunches at the ends of the branches. To correct this, apply a zinc sulfate solution to the foliage when leaves first emerge, and two or more times until all new leaves have developed. The zinc sulfate only affects the young leaves it contacts. As the leaves mature, the thickened leaf cuticle will prevent the zinc from entering. Once understood, we can make alkaline soils more productive by applying the appropriate nutrients/amendments or planting locally adapted landscape species. The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension has publications and information on gardening and pest management. If you have other gardening questions, call the Master Gardener line in the Cottonwood office at 646-9113 ext. 14 or E-mail us at mgardener@verdeonline.com and be sure to include your address and phone number. Find past Backyard Gardener columns or submit column ideas at the Backyard Gardener web site: http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/. |