   Ravens - November 14, 2018 Jeff Schalau, Agent, Agriculture & Natural Resources University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai County The common raven (Corvus corax) is the largest of all songbirds and is thought by many to also be the smartest of all the birds. It has one of the broadest geographic ranges of all birds spanning across North America and Eurasia and occupies most major climate regions from the arctic to low deserts. Ravens are similar to crows in appearance, but are larger with longer, narrower wings, a wedge-shaped tail, and weigh about four times that of the crow. In southeastern Arizona and Mexico, you may see another species: the Chihuahuan raven (Corvus cryptoleucus). This species is about two-thirds the size of the common raven and the base its neck and body feathers are white, not gray like those of other American crows and ravens. Although this coloration is unique in North America, a number of other crows and ravens around the world have white bases to their feathers. Ravens have a wide range of vocalizations and have been observed imitating various sounds from barking dogs to squeaky hinges. In flight, ravens make a “swish-swish” sound and often soar on flat wings similar to hawks. The raven is also an acrobatic flier making rolls and somersaults in the air and even flying upside down. Canyon rims are excellent places to observe ravens in flight. Raven nests are two to four feet in diameter constructed of twigs and branches lined with grass, moss, and fur. Following courtship, they remain paired for the year and possibly for life. Females lay eggs from mid-February to late May, depending on the latitude. The female incubates three to seven eggs for about three weeks. The male brings food to the nest for her. Both parents feed the young. After five or six weeks, the nestlings fledge. Fledglings may remain with their parents for another six months. Juvenile ravens are very curious while older ravens become more cautious over time. Zoologist Dr. Bernd Heinrich, observed ravens for four years in Maine and subsequently authored the book Ravens In Winter. One observation was that a juvenile raven would "recruit" others to a food source because, by sharing with others it gains "friends," from which it may gain a mate in the future due to its foraging abilities. While mated pairs are more-or-less anchored to their localized nesting area; low status juveniles can form wandering unmated groups. Ravens are opportunistic omnivores eating rodents, eggs, other bird’s nestlings, grain, and carrion. They also feed on garbage and waste near human settlements. Ravens are usually found solitarily or in pairs. However, when they find especially good food sources, such as carcasses of large mammals or abundant grain, they may form large communal roosts. Some roosts in the West have numbered over 2,000 birds and lasted for months. Some information sources say ravens were associated with bison and wolves on the grasslands of the Great Plains, but their range diminished with reductions in bison and wolf populations and cultivation of the prairies. Being intelligent and adaptable creatures, they modified their feeding habits to match their changing environment. Ravens also have a dubious reputation among farmers and wildlife managers. Farmers often blame ravens and crows for uprooting seedlings and other crop damage. Verde Valley pecan growers have also reported significant crop losses. While it may seem that retaliation is in order, ravens are a protected species and it is a federal crime to kill them or have them as pets without going through a permitting process. Agricultural producers looking to reduce losses must work with the USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to do so legally. Finally, ravens are a common subject in folklore. They are often portrayed as tricksters, harbingers of the afterlife, and messengers of the gods. Among Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest, ravens are credited with creating humans, providing salmon for food, supplying water during drought, and bringing fire to humankind. In Edgar Allen Poe’s classic poem, The Raven visits a lonely soul and invokes haunting emotions of lost love, evil, and suffering as the raven calmly sits and speaks the word “nevermore.” Visit the web version of this column for detailed descriptions, photos, calls, and videos of common and Chihuahuan ravens as well as crows. Follow the Backyard Gardener on Twitter – use the link on the BYG website. If you have other gardening questions, call the Master Gardener help line in the Camp Verde office at 928-554-8992 or e-mail us at verdevalleymg@gmail.com and be sure to include your name, address and phone number. Find past Backyard Gardener columns or provide feedback at the Backyard Gardener web site: http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/. Photos 
The common raven (Corvus corax, Terry Spivey, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org).Additional Resources Common Raven, All About Birds: Cornell Lab of Ornithology http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/common_raven/id Chihuahuan Raven, All About Birds: Cornell Lab of Ornithology http://http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Chihuahuan_Raven/id American Crow, All About Birds: Cornell Lab of Ornithology http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/American_Crow/id  |