   Porcupines in Arizona - November 22, 2006 Jeff Schalau, County Director, Associate Agent, Agriculture & Natural Resources Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai County Porcupines are not common in the Verde Valley, but they are here. Some dog owners can probably attest to this. Porcupines often prefer to live in coniferous forests, but sometimes wander to lower elevation riparian areas and wooded uplands. They eat herbaceous plants (including corn, alfalfa, and other crops), inner tree bark, twigs, leaves, and show a preference for Ponderosa pine, aspen, cottonwood, and willow. Trees with thin, smooth bark are preferred over those with rough, thick bark. Porcupines are active year-round and are primarily nocturnal. They usually rest in a tree during the day. They also use caves, rockslides, thick timber, or slash piles for protective shelter. It is interesting to note that their feeding habits indirectly benefit other wildlife species. Clipped twigs that fall to the ground are used by deer and other mammals during winter months. In addition, the damage they do to trees exposes the sapwood. This allows insects, fungi, and birds to feed on the decaying wood. Other wildlife species then use these tree cavities for shelter and reproduction. Porcupines are the second largest rodent in North America. They breed in fall, and after a seven month gestation period, usually produce one offspring in spring. The young are capable of eating plant material within a week of birth and they generally stay with the female through the summer. Survival rates of young are usually high. Porcupines have long claws and the soles of their feet have a pebbly surface. This helps them climb trees and provides them with a keenly developed sense of touch. Contrary to popular belief, they do not “shoot” their quills. Rather the quills are loosely attached and easily dislodged when the flailing tail makes contact with an enemy. Tiny barbs on the quill tip expand when moistened by the enemy’s tissue fluid and are pulled inward by muscle contractions. Each animal has about 30,000 quills. The tail quills also help them to grip tree trunks and branches. Predators do a fairly good job keeping porcupine populations in check. Some predators in our area include coyotes, bobcats, mountain lions, black bears, and great horned owls. The literature mentions that coyotes are noted for eating the quills. How they maneuver these through their digestive tracts is not known, but they have been noted in scat. In agricultural and residential areas, porcupines cause a variety of unwanted damage. Fruit and ornamental trees, sweet corn, alfalfa, and small grains are often attacked. They have also been known to chew on wooden tool handles and canoe paddles in search of salt and buildings in search of plywood resins. They also pose a significant threat to domestic dogs, which never seem to learn to leave them alone. The best strategy to prevent damage from porcupines is exclusion. Fences, climbing barriers, and cages around plants are commonly used. For gardens, 18 inch tall poultry wire with a smooth electric wire 1.5 inches above the top is effective. Also, a simple smooth electric wire 4-6 inches above ground can provide adequate protection. This also prevents beaver damage. Of course, porcupines are not the only pests to exclude from your garden. Javelina, wood rats, deer, elk, etc. must also be considered. Trees can be protected by wrapping the trunk with 30" wide aluminum flashing (this makes it difficult to climb) or creating a sheet metal barrier that they cannot climb around that is fixed to the trunk. Live trapping is the best solution to persistent porcupines. These can be baited with salt soaked cloth, sponge, or piece of wood. Do not shoot or lethally trap a porcupine without first calling the Arizona Game and Fish Department. They should also be able to provide you with a suitable release site for live-trapped animals (at least 25 miles from your current location). You may also simply call a licensed wildlife damage control person to handle this for you. The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension has publications and information on gardening and pest control. If you have other gardening questions, call the Master Gardener line in the Cottonwood office at 646-9113 ext. 14 or E-mail us at cottonwoodmg@yahoo.com and be sure to include your address and phone number. Find past Backyard Gardener columns or submit column ideas at the Backyard Gardener web site: http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/. |