   Freeze Damage In Fruit Crops - April 13, 2005 Jeff Schalau, County Director, Agent, Agriculture & Natural Resources Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai County Freeze damage to deciduous fruit crops can occur when temperatures dip below 31 degrees F. However, various fruit types can withstand temperatures lower than 31 depending on the species and stage of development. The killing temperature (also called critical temperature) is defined as the temperature that buds and developing fruit can withstand for a half-hour before permanent damage occurs. Often the freeze will only damage part of the flowers such as the most developed ones or flowers in the bottom of the tree. Peach, apricot, nectarine, cherry, and plum are stone fruits. Stone fruit flowers contain a single pistil which is the female flower part that becomes the fruit. Flower buds can be cut open and inspected to determine if they were frost damaged before opening. Stone fruit flowers can be torn open to inspect for black pistils. Flowers having black pistils indicate the flower has been killed and fruit will not form. Today, wireless thermometers are readily available and inexpensive. The receiver can be placed in a convenient location to monitor low temperatures during critical periods while sensors can be placed outdoors near the crop plants. Most of these thermometers have alarms that can be set when temperatures dive to user defined levels. Some models can have multiple sensors that can be located in various locations and monitored from a single receiver. I have one of these units and it is one of my favorite toys. Apricots, peaches, plums, and sweet cherries in the pre-flowering stage have a killing temperature of 23 degrees F. This rises to 27 degrees F in full bloom and 30 degrees following bloom. Sour cherries in the pre-flowering stage have a killing temperature of 15 degrees F which rises to 28 degrees in full bloom. Apples and Pears are different than stone fruit. In apples, the fruit buds are really small shoots with flowers and leaves. In apples the flower in the center of the flower cluster is the oldest and has the potential to be the largest fruit. This central flower is called the king bloom and is the most desirable of the flowers in the cluster. The king bloom is also the most advanced and therefore the most likely to be killed in a frost. Several weeks after a killing frost it is not unusual to see the side blooms larger than the king bloom this means that the king bloom was killed earlier in the spring. Another difference between apples and stone fruits is that the pistil is buried in the floral cup at the base of the flower and not exposed above it as in stone fruit. This means that it is often necessary to tear the flower apart to see if the center of the flower is brown or black. When checking apples for frost damage look at the king and side blooms separately. Apples in the pre-flowering stage have a killing temperature of 16 degrees F while pears can only tolerate 18. Apples and pears in full bloom have a killing temperature of 29 degrees F. Stone fruits typically have a lower chilling requirement and bloom earlier. Therefore, in areas prone to late spring frosts, yearly crops are less reliable. Apples and pears often bloom later and can withstand slightly lower temperatures providing more reliable crops from year to year. Diligent fruit growers can also employ frost protection strategies such as covering trees, overhead watering, light bulbs, and antitranspirants. The December 22, 1999 Backyard Gardener column discusses strategies for frost protection and is available on the Backyard Gardener Web Site (see web address below). For more information, go to the Michigan State University Cooperative Extension web site: www.canr.msu.edu/vanburen/frost.htm. Thanks to Michigan State Extension Agent Mark Longstroth for his work in this area and authoring the above referenced web article. The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension has publications and information on gardening and pest management. If you have other gardening questions, call the Master Gardener line in the Cottonwood office at 646-9113 ext. 14 or E-mail us at mgardener@verdeonline.com and be sure to include your address and phone number. Find past Backyard Gardener columns or submit column ideas at the Backyard Gardener web site: http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/. |