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This page lists publications relevant to the use of Bt cotton, primarily Bt cotton use in Arizona, but it also includes links to relevant EPA documents and other resources.

Relevant Publications by The U of A Bt Cotton Team Members

2004

• Dennehy, T.J. , G.C. Unnithan, S.A. Brink, B.D. Wood, Y. Carriere, B. Tabashnik, L. Antilla, and M. Whitlow. 2004. Update on Pink Bollworm Resistance to BT Cotton in the Southwest. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.10 pp. URL: http://cals.arizona.edu/crops/cotton/bt/6Publications/PBWupdate0604.pdf

2003

• Carrière, Y. 2003. Haplodiploidy, sex and the evolution of pesticide resistance. Journal of Economic Entomology. 96: 1626-1640.
• Carrière, Y. and T.J. Dennehy, B.E. Tabashnik. 2003. Regional suppression of insect pests with Bt crops. ISB News Report May 2003: 7-9.
• Carrière, Y. and M. Sisterson, B.E. Tabashnik. Resistance management for sustainable use of Bt crops in integrated pest management. In: Novel approaches to Insect Pest Management. Horowitz R. and I. Ishaaya (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, in press
• Carrière, Y. and C. Ellers-Kirk, M. Sisterson, L. Antilla, M. Whitlow, T.J. Dennehy, B. E. Tabashnik. 2003. Long-term regional suppression of pink bollworm by Bacillus thuringiensis cotton. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 100: 1519-1523.
• Dennehy, T.J. and S. Brink, B. Wood, D. Holley, G.C. Unnithan, Y. Carrière, B. Tabashnik. 2003. Susceptibility of Southwestern pink bollworm to Cry1Ac: final report of 2002 season monitoring. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. 13 pp.
• Dennehy, T.J. and L. Shriver, M.A. Sims, D. Holley, Y. Carrière, B. Tabashnick, L. Antilla, M. Whitlow. 2003. Susceptibility of Arizona pink bollworm to CrylAc following six years of intensive use of transgenic Bt cotton in Arizona. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Cotton Report. 16 pp. See Cotton Report
• González-Cabrera, J. and B. Escriche, B.E. Tabashnik, F. Ferré. 2003. Effects of kaolin particle film on oviposition, larval mining, and infestation of cotton by pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 805-810.
• Morin S. and R.W. Biggs, M.S. Sisterson, L. Shriver, C. Ellers-Kirk, D. Higginson, D. Holley, L.J. Gahan, D.G. Heckel, Y. Carrière, T.J. Dennehy, J. K. Brown, B. E. Tabashnik. 2003. Three cadherin alleles associated with resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in pink bollworm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 100: 5004-5009.
• Tabashnik B.E. and Y. Carrière, T.J. Dennehy, S. Morin, M. Sisterson, R.T. Roush, A.M. Shelton and J.-Z. Zhao. 2003. Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the first seven years. ISB News Report, November 2003: 1-4.
• Tabashnik B.E. and Y. Carrière, T.J. Dennehy, S. Morin, M. Sisterson, R.T. Roush, A.M. Shelton and J.-Z. Zhao. 2003. Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field. Journal of Economic Entomology. 96: 1031-1038.
• Tabashnik, B.E. and T.J. Dennehy, Y. Carrière, Y.B. Liu, S.K. Meyer, A. Patin, M.A. Sims. 2003. Resistance management: slowing pest adaptation to transgenic crops. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. B., Soil and Plant Sci. Supplementum 1: 51-56.

2002

• Carrière, Y. and T.J. Dennehy, C. Ellers-Kirk, D. Holley, Y.B. Liu, M. Sims, B. Tabashnik. 2002. Fitness costs, incomplete resistance, and management of resistance to Bt. In: R.J. Akhurst, C.E. Beard, P. Hughes (editors). Biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis and its environmental impact. Proc. 4th Pacific Rim Conference. Canberra.
• Carrière, Y. and P. Dutilleul, C. Ellers-Kirk, B. Pedersen, S. Haller, L. Antilla, T.J. Dennehy, B.E. Tabashnik. Sources, sinks, and refuges' zone of influence for managing insect resistance to Bt crops. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA). In review.
• Liu, Y.B. and B.E. Tabashnik, T.J. Dennehy, Y. Carrière, M.A. Sims, S.K. Meyer. 2002. Oviposition on and mining in bolls of Bt and non-Bt cotton by resistant and susceptible pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 143-148.
• Moulton, J.K., D.A. Pepper, R.K. Jansson, and T.J. Dennehy. 2002. Pro-active menagement of beet armyworm (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) resistance to tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide: baseline monitoring, risk assessment and isolation of resistance. J. Econ. Entomol. 95:414-424.
• Sims, M.A. and T.J. Denney, L. Shriver, D. Holley, Y. Carrière, B.E. Tabashnik. 2002. Susceptibility of Arizona pink bollworm to Cry1Ac. 2002 Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference. National Cotton Council, Memphis TN.
• Staten, R.T. and N. Colletto, M. Sledge, E. Miller, L. Antilla, T.J. Dennehy, M. Sims. 2002. Behavior of Bt resistant and non-resistant pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Proc. 2002 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. National Cotton Conferences, Memphis, TN.
• Tabashnik, B.E. In press. Review of "Lords of the Harvest: Biotech, Big Money, and the Future of Food" by Daniel Charles. Quarterly Review of Biology 77: 439.
• Tabashnik, B.E. 2002. Pesticide Resistance. Pp. 880-883, In: M. Pagel (ed.), Encyclopedia of Evolution.
• Tabashnik, B.E. and T.J. Dennehy, Y. Carrière, Y.B. Liu, S.K. Meyer, A. Patin, M.A. Sims. 2002. Resistance management: slowing pest adaptation to transgenic crops. Acta Scandinavica, Section B, Soil and Plant Science. In press.
• Tabashnik, B.E. and T.J. Dennehy, M.A. Sims, K. Larkin, G.P. Head, W.J. Moar, Y. Carrière. 2002. Control of resistant pink bollworm by transgenic cotton with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab. Applied Environmental Microbiology 68: 3790-3794.
• Tabashnik B. E. and Y.-B. Liu, T. J. Dennehy, M. A. Sims, M. Sisterson, R. Biggs, Y. Carrière. 2002. Inheritance of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in a field-derived strain of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 95: 1018-1026

2001

• Antilla, L. and M. Whitlow, B. Tabashnik, T. Dennehy, Y. Carrière. 2001. Benefits of multi-level monitoring activities for a pink bollworm resistance management program in transgenic (Bt) cotton in Arizona. 2001 Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference 2: 1173-1175.
• Carrière, Y. and T.J. Dennehy, B. Pedersen, S. Haller, C. Ellers-Kirk, L. Antilla, Y.B. Liu, E. Willott, B. Tabashnik. 2001. Large-scale management of insect resistance to transgenic cotton in Arizona: can transgenic insecticidal crops be sustained? Journal of Economic Entomology 94(2): 315-325.
• Carrière, Y. and C. Ellers-Kirk, Y.B. Liu, M.A. Sims, A.L. Patin, S. Meyer, T.J. Dennehy, B.E. Tabashnik. 2001. Fitness costs and maternal effects associated with resistance to transgenic cotton in the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 94: 1571-1576.
• Carrière, Y. and C. Ellers-Kirk, A.L. Patin, M.A. Sims, S. Meyer, Y.B. Liu, T.J. Dennehy, B.E. Tabashnik. 2001. Overwintering costs associated with resistance to transgenic cotton in the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 94: 935-941.
• Carrière, Y. and C. Ellers-Kirk, B. Pederson, S. Haller, L. Antilla. 2001. Predicting spring moth emergence in the pink bollworm: implications for managing resistance to transgenic cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 94: 1012-1021.
• Carrière, Y. and B.E. Tabashnik. 2001. Reversing insect adaptation to transgenic insecticidal plants. Proc. Roy. Soc. London B 268: 1475-1480.
• Herrero, S. and J. González-Cabrera, B.E. Tabashnik, J. Ferré. 2001. Shared binding sites in Lepidoptera for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ja and Cry1A toxins. Applied Environmental Microbiology 67: 5729-5734.
• Liu, Y.B. and B.E. Tabashnik, T.J. Dennehy, M.A. Sims, S.K. Meyer, Y. Carrière. 2001. Effects of Bt cotton and Cry1Ac toxin on survival and development of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 94: 1237-1242.
• Liu, Y.B. and B.E. Tabashnik, S.K. Meyer, N. Crickmore. 2001. Cross-resistance and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1C in diamondback moth. Applied Environmental Microbiology 67: 3216-3219.
• Liu, Y.B. and B.E. Tabashnik, S.K. Meyer, Y. Carrière, A.C. Bartlett. 2001. Genetics of pink bollworm resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1C. Journal of Economic Entomology 94: 248-252.
• Meyer, S.K. and B.E. Tabashnik, Y.B. Liu, M.C. Wirth, B.A. Federici. 2001. Cyt1A from Bacillus thuringiensis lacks toxicity to susceptible and resistant larvae of diamondback moth and pink bollworm. Applied Environmental Microbiology 67: 462-463.
• Moulton, J.K. and T.J. Dennehy. 2001. Beet armyworm resistance to Cry1Ac. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. National Cotton Council. pp. 989-991.
• Sims, M.A., T.J. Dennehy, A. Patin, Y. Carrière, Y.B. Liu, B.E. Tabashnik, L. Antilla, M. Whitlow. 2001. Arizona's multi-agency resistance management program for Bt cotton: sustaining the susceptibility of pink bollworm. 2001 Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference 2: 1175-1179.
• Tabashnik, B.E. 2001. Breaking the code of resistance. Nature Biotechnology 19: 922-924.
• Tabashnik, B.E., T.J. Dennehy, Y. Carrière. 2001. Supporting a cautious approach to agricultural biotechnology. BioScience 51: 905-906.

2000

• Dennehy, T.J. 2000. Fulfilling the role of resistance management to preserve effectiveness of new insecticide technologies. In, Emerging Technologies for IPM: Concepts, Research and Implementation. T.B. Stutton and G.G. Kennedy, editors. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. pp. 400-417.
• Groeters, F.R. and B.E. Tabashnik. 2000. Roles of selection intensity, major genes, and minor genes in evolution of insecticide resistance. Journal of Economic Entomology 93: 1580-1587.
• Tabashnik, B.E. and Y.B. Liu, R.A. deMaagd, T.J. Dennehy. 2000. Cross-resistance of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 4582-4584.
• Tabashnik B.E., and Patin, A.L., Dennehy, T.J., Liu, Y.-B., Y. Carrière, L. Antilla. 2000. Frequency of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in field populations of pink bollworm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 21: 12980-12984
• Tabashnik, B.E., and A.L. Patin, T.J. Dennehy, Y.B. Liu, Y. Carrière, M.A. Sims, and L. Antilla. 2000. Frequency of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in field populations of pink bollworm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) 97: 12,980-12,984.
• Tabashnik, B.E. and R.T. Roush, E.D. Earle, A.M. Shelton. 2000. Resistance to Bt toxins. Science 287: 42.

• Antilla, L., and M. Whitlow, J. White, C. Youngker, T.J. Dennehy, R.T. Staten. 1999. Alternative infield refuge strategies for control of pink bollworm in Bt transgenic cotton. Proc. 1999 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. pp. 1241-1243.
• Heckel, D.G., L.J. Gahan, Y.B. Liu and B.E. Tabashnik. 1999. Genetic mapping of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in diamondback moth using biphasic linkage analysis. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 8373-8377.
• Liu, Y.B., B.E. Tabashnik, T.J. Dennehy, A.L. Patin, and A. C. Bartlett. 1999. Development time and resistance to Bt crops. Nature 400:519.
• Patin, A.L., and T.J. Dennehy, M.A. Sims, B.E. Tabashnik, Y.B. Liu, L. Antilla, D. Gouge, T.J. Henneberry, R. Staten. 1999. Status of pink bollworm susceptibility to B.t. in Arizona. Proc. 1999 Beltwide Cotton Conference 2: 991-996.
• Tabashnik, B.E. and A.L. Patin, T.J. Dennehy, Y.B. Liu, E. Miller, R. Staten. 1999. Dispersal of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) males in transgenic cotton that produces a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. Journal of Economic Entomology 92: 772-780.
• Walters, M., R. Staten, R. Sequeira, and T.J. Dennehy. 1999. Preliminary analysis of pink bollworm population distributions in a large acreage of genetically engineered cotton with regard to resistance management. Proc. 1999 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. pp.989-991.

• Liu, Y. B., B. E. Tabashnik, T. J. Dennehy, A. L. Patin, and A. C. Bartlett. 1999. Development time and resistance to Bt crops. Nature 400:519.
• Simmons, A.L, T.J. Dennehy, B.E. Tabashnik, L. Antilla, A. Bartlett, D. Gouge, and R. Staten. 1998. Evaulation of B.t. cotton deployment strategies and efficacy against pink bollworm in Arizona. Proc. 1998 Beltwide Cotton Conference 2: 1025-1030.

1997

• Bartlett, A.C., T.J. Dennehy and Larry Antilla. 1997. An evaluation of resistance to B.t. toxins in native populations of the pink bollworm. Proc. 1997 Beltwide Cotton Conferences. pp. 918-921.
• Tabashnik, B.E. , Y.B. Liu, N. Finson, L. Masson and D.G. Heckel. 1997. One gene in diamondback moth confers resistance to four Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 1640-1644.
• Tabashnik, B. E., Y. B. Liu, T. Malvar, D. G. Heckel, L. Masson, V.Ballester, F. Granero, J. L. Ménsua and J. Ferré. 1997. Global variation in the genetic and biochemical basis of diamondback moth resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 12780-12785.

Other Relevant Publications

The Union of Concerned Scientists (http://www.ucsusa.org) is concerned that widespread use of recently introduced crops that have been genetically engineered to produce the B.t. toxin, will cause insects to develop resistance to the toxins. They have produced a book which serves as a reference for some of the material on this page.

Mellon, Margaret, and Jane Rissler, eds. Now or Never: Serious New Plans to Save a Natural Pest Control. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Union of Concerned Scientists, 1998.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):

• Several articles on Bacillus thuringiensis in plants can be found at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/ingredients.
• EPA's Regulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Crops is at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/regofbtcrops.htm
• Bt crops were reassessed in 2001 and the complete reassessment report is found at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/bt_brad.htm.
• Part (153 p) of the above report is http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/bt_brad2/4-irm.pdf. This discusses Insect Resistance Management.
• Also as part of the 2001 reassessment is the 2001 Biopesticides Registration Action Document found at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/bt_brad2/6-cotton.pdf. This discusses Insect Resistance Management also.

Some relevant Monsanto pages

• Information on Bollgard
• Also see notes at "Growing Bt Cotton in Arizona"

Some other interesting publications

• Bt cotton & management of the Tobacco budworm-bollworm complex. USDA Agricultural Research Service ARS-154, January 2001.
• On the safety of Bt crops:
  Mendelsohn, M. and J. Kough, Z. Vaituzis, K. Matthews. 2003. Are Bt crops safe? The US EPA's analysis of Bt crops finds they pose no significant risk to the environment or to human health. Nature Biotechnology 21 (9): 1003-1009. Available at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/are_bt_crops_safe.htm
• www.biotech-info.net/bt-transgenics.html#cotton has some interesting links.
• Recommendations of the Arizona Bt Cotton Working Group and Arizona Cooperative Extension.